KAYEXALATE Pdre p susp buv/rect Fl PEHD/454g

Powder for oral and rectal suspension (cream or light brown).
Bottle of 454 g (i.e. 30 measuring spoons), with a measuring spoon* of 15 g.

* The measuring spoon has a hole in the bottom.

For a bottle of 454 g:

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate: 453,70036 g

Excipient with known effect: sodium.

Hyperkalaemia.

Dosage

The amount of sodium polystyrene sulfonate to be administered is directly related to the blood potassium level; it must therefore be adjusted for each patient.

For reference:

In adults.

Oral route:

A dose of 15 g, i.e. 1 measuring spoon, one to four times a day by mouth, is a common prescription. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is administered after being suspended in a little still, low-mineral water. Do not suspend in a carbonated drink or soda.

The powder does not dissolve completely in water, which explains the persistence of small particles in the mixture.

Any addition of vanilla sugar or syrup should be left to each patient's discretion. Suspension in fruit juice should be avoided due to its high potassium content.

KAYEXALATE must be administered at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after other orally administered medications.

Rectal route:

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate may be administered as an enema by suspending it in 100 ml of 10 % glucose solution at body temperature, or as a mixture of equal parts water and 2 % methylcellulose suspension.

The liquid containing the suspended sodium polystyrene sulfonate will be gently agitated during administration to keep it in suspension. The enema should be retained for 4 to 10 hours if possible and followed by an evacuant enema.

This procedure may be repeated twice a day if necessary.

NB: since ion exchange takes place mainly in the colon, it may be necessary, at the start of treatment, to begin by administering the product as an enema while also administering it orally. The fall in kalaemia will thus be achieved more rapidly and will be maintained by oral administration.

When treatment needs to be continued for a prolonged period, monitoring by blood potassium assays will allow the effective dose to be adjusted.

In children.

The quantity must be adjusted on the principle that 1 g of resin eliminates 1 mmol (1 mEq) of potassium. The usual initial oral dose in children is 1 g/kg body weight/day in several doses, which may then be reduced to a maintenance treatment of 0,5 g/kg body weight per day.

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate may be administered to children rectally at the same dose as if it had been given orally and according to the same procedures as in adults.

In newborns.

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate must be administered only by rectal route. The minimum effective dose is between 0,5 g/kg and 1 g/kg of body weight/day.

This medicine must never be used in the following cases:

• serum potassium below 5 mmol/l,
• history of hypersensitivity to sodium polystyrene sulfonate resins,
• obstructive intestinal pathology (oral route),
• administration by oral route in the newborn,
• administration (by oral and rectal routes) in the newborn presenting with decreased intestinal motility (post-operative or drug-induced),
• in combination with sorbitol (oral and rectal routes) for a dose of sorbitol per intake greater than or equal to 2,5 g in children and greater than or equal to 5 g in adults (see sections Interactions).

Warnings

Due to the risk of severe gastrointestinal disorders (such as intestinal obstruction, ischaemia, necrosis or perforation), the use of sodium polystyrene sulfonate is not recommended in patients with impaired gastrointestinal motility (including immediately after surgery or drug-induced). For patients with obstructive intestinal pathology and newborns, refer to section Contraindications.

Binding to other medicines administered by oral route:

KAYEXALATE may bind to orally administered medicines, which may reduce their gastrointestinal absorption and potentially their efficacy when taken simultaneously. KAYEXALATE should be administered at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after other orally administered medicines, if possible.

Precautions for use

Electrolyte disturbances:

Biological monitoring of the patient must continue throughout the treatment. Frequent determinations of electrolytes, and in particular of blood potassium, are essential. Care should be taken to avoid too marked a lowering of serum potassium: potassium will be maintained at approximately 5 mmol/l (5 mEq/l). Treatment must be stopped as soon as the serum potassium value is below 5 mEq/l. Blood calcium and magnesium levels should be checked periodically. During the exchange, for each potassium ion captured by the resin, one sodium ion is released into the blood, i.e. 1 gram of resin releases approximately 1 mmol (1 mEq) of sodium.

Gastrointestinal ischaemia and stenosis

Gastrointestinal stenosis, intestinal ischaemia and its complications (necrosis and perforation), some of them fatal, have been reported in patients treated with sodium polystyrene sulfonate alone or in combination with sorbitol. Concomitant administration of sorbitol with sodium polystyrene sulfonate is not recommended (see section Interactions).

Patients should be advised to consult a doctor promptly if severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distension and rectal bleeding develop recently.

The lesions observed in gastrointestinal injuries induced by sodium polystyrene sulfonate may resemble those observed in inflammatory bowel diseases, ischaemic colitis, infectious colitis and microscopic colitis.

Other risks:

In case of constipation with clinical impact, stop treatment until normal motility returns. Magnesium-based laxatives require precautions for use.

The patient must maintain a correct position during ingestion of the resin in order to avoid inhalation that could lead to broncho-pulmonary complications.

Children and newborns:

Possibility of impaction of the resin administered by rectal route in case of excessive dosage or incorrect dilution.

Risk of gastrointestinal haemorrhage or colonic necrosis or sodium overload in premature infants and low-birth-weight newborns.

Patients at risk of fluid and sodium overload:

This medicine contains approximately 1,7 g of sodium per measuring spoon, which is equivalent to 85 % of the maximum recommended daily dietary intake of 2 g of sodium for adults set by the WHO.

The maximum daily dose of this medicine is equivalent to 340 % of the maximum recommended daily dietary sodium intake for adults set by the WHO.

In children, the maximum intake recommended by the WHO should be adjusted downwards according to energy requirements by age.

KAYEXALATE, powder for oral and rectal suspension is considered to have a high sodium content. This is particularly important to consider in patients on a low-sodium diet. In these patients, increased clinical and biological monitoring is required.

Contraindicated combination

+ Sorbitol (oral and rectal routes) for a dose of sorbitol per intake greater than or equal to 2,5 g in children and greater than or equal to 5 g in adults

Risk of colonic necrosis, possibly fatal (see section Contraindications).

Combination not recommended

+ Sorbitol (oral and rectal route) for a dose of sorbitol per intake less than 2,5 g in children and less than 5 g in adults

Gastrointestinal stenosis, intestinal ischaemia and its complications (necrosis and perforation), some of which have been fatal, have been reported in patients treated with polystyrene sulfonate alone or in combination with sorbitol. Concomitant administration of sorbitol with polystyrene sulfonate is not recommended (see section Warnings and precautions).

Associations requiring precautions for use

+ Medicinal products administered orally

Taking the chelating resin may reduce intestinal absorption and, potentially, the efficacy of other medicines taken at the same time.

In general, the resin should be taken apart from other medicines, with an interval of more than 2 hours, if possible.

+ Thyroid hormones : Reduction of digestive absorption of thyroid hormones.

Take thyroid hormones apart from KAYEXALATE (more than 2 hours, if possible).

No data are available on the use of the resin during pregnancy or breastfeeding. However, since sodium polystyrene sulfonate is not absorbed or resorbed, this medicine may be prescribed during pregnancy or breastfeeding, if necessary.

Metabolism and nutrition disorders

• Hypokalaemia, hypocalcaemia, sodium and water retention, hypomagnesaemia.

Gastrointestinal disorders

• Constipation.
• Minor digestive disorders after oral administration (gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, sometimes diarrhoea).
• Faecaloma after rectal administration, particularly in children.
• Gastrointestinal concretions (bezoars) after oral administration.
• Gastrointestinal stenosis and intestinal obstruction (particularly in case of intercurrent pathology or inadequate dilution of the resin).
• Gastrointestinal ischaemia, ischaemic colitis, gastrointestinal ulceration, gastrointestinal necrosis that may lead to intestinal perforation, sometimes with a fatal outcome.

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

• Acute bronchitis and/or bronchopneumonia after inhalation of sodium polystyrene sulfonate particles.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system: National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM) and the network of Regional Pharmacovigilance Centres - Website: https://signalement.social-sante.gouv.fr/.

Overdose may cause hypokalaemia and should be treated as such.

Pharmacotherapeutic class: MEDICINES FOR HYPERKALAEMIA AND HYPERPHOSPHATAEMIA - ATC code: V03AE

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a cation exchange resin.

Its affinity for the potassium ion (K⁺) is much higher than its affinity for the sodium ion.

Therefore, on contact with the colon, it releases its sodium ions to bind potassium ions, which are thus eliminated in the faeces. The efficacy of the action depends on the contact time as much as on the concentration of potassium ions.

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is not absorbed. Digestive fluids have no effect on this specialty.

It is during its passage through the colon that most of the exchange of sodium ions for potassium ions takes place, the resin otherwise remaining unchanged. The resin is ultimately eliminated in the feces.

3 years

After first opening: 2 months.

No special precautions for storage.